AMD: The Leading Cause of Sight Loss in Older Adults

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a progressive eye condition and one of the leading causes of vision loss in adults over 50. AMD primarily affects the macula, the central part of the retina responsible for sharp, detailed vision. Although it doesn’t cause total blindness, it can significantly impact daily activities like reading, driving, and recognizing faces.

In this post, we’ll delve into what AMD is, its risk factors, symptoms, and available treatments to help you protect your vision as you age.

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What Is AMD?

AMD is a degenerative condition that damages the macula, which is essential for central vision. It comes in two main forms:

1. Dry AMD (Non-Exudative)
   
   • The more common type, accounting for 80-90% of AMD cases.
   • Caused by thinning of the macula and the accumulation of drusen (yellow deposits) under the retina.
   • Progresses slowly but can lead to significant vision loss over time.
2. Wet AMD (Exudative)
   
   • Less common but more severe.
   • Caused by abnormal blood vessel growth under the retina, which leaks fluid or blood, leading to rapid vision loss if untreated.

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Risk Factors for AMD

While the exact cause of AMD isn’t fully understood, several factors increase the risk of developing the condition:

• Age: Risk increases significantly after age 50.
• Genetics: Family history of AMD can raise your likelihood of developing it.
• Smoking: Smokers are up to four times more likely to develop AMD.
• Race: AMD is more common in Caucasians than in other ethnic groups.
• Diet: A diet low in antioxidants and high in unhealthy fats can contribute to AMD.
• Sunlight Exposure: Prolonged UV exposure may damage the retina.

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Symptoms of AMD

Early AMD often has no noticeable symptoms, making regular eye exams crucial for early detection. As the disease progresses, symptoms may include:

• Blurred or fuzzy vision.
• Difficulty recognizing faces.
• Dark or blind spots in the center of your vision.
• Distorted vision (straight lines may appear wavy).
• Reduced brightness or color intensity.

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Diagnosing AMD

An ophthalmologist can diagnose AMD through a comprehensive eye exam, including:

• Visual Acuity Test: Measures sharpness of vision.
• Amsler Grid Test: Detects distortions in central vision.
• Dilated Eye Exam: Allows the Optometrist to examine the retina and macula for drusen or other abnormalities.
• Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT): Provides detailed images of the retina to detect damage.

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Treatment Options for AMD

While there’s no cure for AMD, treatments can slow its progression and help preserve vision, particularly for wet AMD:

For Dry AMD

• Lifestyle Changes: A healthy diet, regular exercise, and avoiding smoking can slow progression.
• AREDS Supplements: Specific vitamins and minerals (vitamins C and E, zinc, copper, lutein, and zeaxanthin) have been shown to reduce the risk of vision loss in intermediate or advanced dry AMD.

For Wet AMD

• Anti-VEGF Injections: Medications like ranibizumab (Lucentis) or aflibercept (Eylea) block the growth of abnormal blood vessels and can improve vision.
• Laser Therapy: High-energy laser treatments can destroy abnormal blood vessels in some cases.
• Photodynamic Therapy: Combines a light-activated drug with laser treatment to target abnormal blood vessels.

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Preventing AMD

Although some risk factors like age and genetics are beyond your control, you can take proactive steps to protect your eye health:

• Eat a Balanced Diet: Include leafy greens, fish rich in omega-3s, and colorful fruits and vegetables.
• Don’t Smoke: Quitting smoking can significantly lower your risk of AMD.
• Wear Sunglasses: Protect your eyes from UV rays with sunglasses that block 100% UVA and UVB light.
• Stay Active: Regular exercise can improve circulation and overall eye health.
• Get Regular Eye Exams: Early detection is key to managing AMD effectively.

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Living with AMD

For those diagnosed with AMD, low-vision aids like magnifiers, special glasses, and adaptive technologies can help maintain independence and quality of life. Support groups and counseling can also provide emotional support and practical tips for adapting to vision changes.

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Final Thoughts

AMD is a common condition, but with early detection, lifestyle changes, and modern treatments, it’s possible to manage its effects and maintain an active, fulfilling life. If you’re over 50 or have risk factors for AMD, schedule regular eye exams to stay on top of your eye health.

For more information visit NHS England